簡單實用的干貨丨 科技論文寫作常用詞匯

一、術語說明性用語

1 直接使用“定義”一詞

definition, define 數學類文獻中使用較多

Definition

一個完整的definition例子

“Definition : The difference between the largest and smallest class boundaries is called the range of the table.”

一個以上的definition

“Definition 1 …” √ ? ? ? ? ??“One/First definition …” ×?

“Definition 2 …”?√? ? ? ? ? ? “Two/Second definition …”×

Define

被動句

A is defined asB.

A is defined as follows: …

A is defined to be B.

A is defined by B.

A is defined in terms of B.

主動句

We define A as B.

2 使用“稱為”

A is called/termed B.

--When the copy is printed out on paper, it is called hard copy.

A is known as B.

A is referred to as B.

A is spoken of as B.

3 帶修飾的“稱為”

…統稱為…

--… are collectively called … …

有各種叫法… …

--is variously called …

前者稱為…, 后者稱為…

--The former is referred to as …, and the latter as …

通常簡稱為…

--often shortened to …

4 使用“意指”含義的詞語

A 的意思是

… By A one refers to …

--By the speed of transmission one refers to the instantaneous rate at which the information is transferred over the communication facility.

By A we mean/imply that …

--By the word scientist we mean someone who take part in basic research, to discover and attach significant problems not yet solved, to …

A is defined to mean …

5 其他定義用語

所謂 … 是 …

So called A is …

顧名思義，…

A, as the name implies/suggests, is …

--Command and control, as the name implies, must comprise both a command and controlled action element.

… 稱為 …，也可稱為 …

A is called …, or, alternatively, …

… 是由 … 派生而來，意思是 …

A is derived from B, meaning …

6 無明確定義

… 沒有普遍公認的定義.

There is no universally accepted definition to the term A.

--There is no universally accepted definition to the term Software Component presently.

… 目前很難給 … 下定義.

--A clear definition of A is difficult to give.

二、時間表達用語

1 涉及“世紀”表達用語

19世紀后期 In the late nineteenth century

20世紀的頭20年里 Within the first 20 years of the twentieth century

本世紀初期 Early in the present century

在本世紀末之前 Before the end of this century

20世紀后半頁 The second half of the twentieth century

2 有關“年份”表達用語

約20年前 Nearly two decades ago

在過去的50年里 During the past 50 years

在 … 之后的13年里 For 13 years after …

從80年代開始 Beginning in the 1980’s

直到1990年 Up to 1990, …

追溯到 dating back to … / go back to …

3 抽象時間表達用語 (1)

今后若干年 … for the next few years …

近期內 … in the near future …

在 … 之后不久 shortly after …

在寫本文時 … at the time of writing this paper …

目前 for the time being …

當今的 … In today’s …

抽象時間表達用語 (2)

在 … 瞬間 … At the moment …

… 暫時 … … for the moment, …

此時 … By now …

一度 … At one time …

時代 the era of …

4 具體時間表示方法

月-日-年 順序

1997年8月16日 Aug. 16, 1997

與介詞配合，有年或月無日期，用 in

--in 1997, in Mar, 1997

有日期，用 on

--on Nov 1, 1998

有幾點幾分，用 at

--at 12:30 P.M.

三、ly形的副詞放在句首的表達用語

四、關于分類的表達用語

分類常用格式

同段分類

同一段落內用(1),(2)…或(a),(b)…分隔

--Two additional memory considerations are (1) the control of shared memory and (2) the use of cache memory

分段分類

將每一類的內容另行書寫，前面加序號、字母(如1,2, …)或其他符號(“●”, “－”)

--Input devices may be broken down into the following categories:

--Keyborad

--Card reader

分類常用詞匯 (1)

sort, type, class, variety, category

sort 普通用語

type 技術用語 類別

--types of mapping algorithms

class 技術用語 類型

--classes of modeling languages

variety 多樣的

--variety of sth.

category 范疇，類目

--formal word

分類常用詞匯 (2)

說明類別的表達用語

有 … 類 … There are … categories of …

… 能被分解為 … … can be divided into …

… 能被劃分為 … … can be categorized into …

… 能歸入 … … can fit into …

… 將 … 分為 … … classify … as … types

分類常用詞匯 (3)

說明類別及分類依據的表達用語

… 可按 … 分類 … can be categorized according to …

--“Computers can be categorized according to their sizes.”

就 … 分類 … is categorized with respect to …

--“Signals is categorized with respect to their applications”

按照 … 來分類 … may be classified by …

--“Signals may be classified by their finite energy or power.”

分類短語

… 屬于 … … fall into/within …

--“Many computers fall into the general form discussed above.”’

… 有許多種，從 … 到 … … there are many varieties of …, from … to …

--“There are many varieties of stored program from a wired logic to fully stored program control.”

… 不包含在 … 中 … be excluded from …

--“Systems below M are excluded from this classification.”

五、有關程度的表達用語

六、“…of”詞組構成的短語?

“…of”詞組構成的短語 (3)

含“a group of”表達用語

跟復數名詞或代名詞，謂語根據主語含義取單數或復數形式

--“A group of 200 students is divided into two groups, one …, the other …”

--“A group of 8 bits is called a byte.”

--“A group of us have decided to attend this symposium.”

“…of”詞組構成的短語 (4)

含“a lot of”表達用語

跟單數或復數名詞和代名詞，謂語與主語保持一致

--“A lot of trouble is caused by …”

--“A lot of problems are caused by unemployment.”

“a lot of” 的替代短語

--a great deal of (后接單數名詞)

--a number of (后接復數名詞)

“…of”詞組構成的短語 (5)

含“the majority of”表達用語

跟單數或復數名詞和代名詞，謂語與主語保持一致

--“The majority of damage is ease to repair.”

--“The majority of switching systems are space division system.”

“…of”詞組構成的短語 (6)

含“a variety of”表達用語

跟單數或復數名詞和代名詞，謂語與主語保持一致

--“A variety of evidence shows conclusively that …”

--“A variety of network architectures have been proposed from time to time to meet different needs of various users.”

“…of”詞組構成的短語 (7)

含“a set of”表達用語

跟可數名詞的復數名詞，謂語取單數形式

--“a set of 6 cards is shaken in a box and dropped on a table.”

--“a set of specifications forms the ebXML standard.”

“…of”詞組構成的短語 (9)

含“either of”和“any of”表達用語

跟復數名詞，謂語取單數形式

--“Either of these two methods has applications.”

當“any of”要表達“其中某些”，謂語取復數形式

--“try to answer the questions in Sec. 4.1. If any of them still seem difficult, review the appropriate chapter to find the answers.”

本文轉自小木蟲作者果斷悉尼 ，材料人編輯部Allen編輯整理。