科學論文寫作與發表：分類句式用語

科學論文的寫作在常用句型、用語方面有一定的規律可循。掌握這些基本規律，寫作論 文時可收到事半功倍的效果。那么，常用的句型、句式怎樣分類比較科學?通常用到的句式 為哪些類型?各種類型又有哪些基本表達方法? 所有這些問題，都擬在本文內例述和研討。

為什么要掌握分類句式用語呢？因為，首先，這有利于避免不必要的重復。許多有用 的句型，通常出現在科學論文的不同部分，如表示研究目的用語，不僅在論文摘要中用到， 而且在引言、討論、甚至結論等部分都會用到。如果我們在講述怎樣寫作各部分時都列舉類 似的用語，勢必造成重復、贅述。現在把它們集中起來分類例述，就能避免不必要的重復。

其次，掌握分類句式用語有利于比較地道、規范的英語表達。把英美人寫作論文時的句 式用語集中地進行分類選擇，有利于廣大專業技術人員和研究生們學習、模仿比較地道、規 范的英語表達，有利于節約時間，避免費力耗時地造出“蹩腳的”、甚至“中國式”的英語 表達。

第三，掌握分類句式用語有利于寫作中的多樣化表達。把表達相同或相似概念的不同表 達方式集中分類，便于寫作中選擇、比較，有利于交替使用不同的句型，避免句式單調、用 詞單一，實現表達多樣。

再則，掌握分類句式用語也符合科學論文的寫作規律。因為常用的句型是寫作中客觀存 在的，它們的使用已基本上格式化了，而且使用的頻率又很高，所以對常用的句式用語進行 科學的分類，是一件有實用意義的工作。

至于怎樣分類，這主要是從兩個方面考慮。

一是從邏輯思維角度考慮。人們總是首先提出問題，然后分析和解決問題，最后得出結 果或結論。這可以看作是解決問題的一種“模式”。這種“模式”，也可作為我們分類選擇句 式用語時的指導思想。

二是從寫作程式角度考慮。任何一篇科學論文的寫作，大都要：①指出其研究的目的， ②限定其討論的范圍，③說明其理論的依據，④描述其實驗的步驟，⑤介紹其工作的方法， ⑥展示其研究的結果，⑦作出科學的評價等。這種基本“程式”，正是我們分類選擇句式用 語的實踐依據。

鑒于上述，我們在本文內對科學論文寫作中常用的句式用語進行了分類，并選擇了 240 余條例句供參考。

俗語說：“熟讀唐詩三百首，不會作詩也會吟”。我們深信，掌握英語科學論文寫作中常 用的句式用語，無疑會有助于科學論文的寫作。

“指出目的”的句式用語

1. 主要用場

指出研究目的句型在英語科學論文中反復出現，這類句型用語比較集中地使用在論文的 摘要、引言、討論、結論等部分。

指出研究目的的常用表達有：“本文的主要目的……”，“該項工作主要是關于……”，“該 項工作的主要目的是……”，“該項研究的主要目的是……”，“該項實驗主要是為了……”等 等。?

2. 常用句式

（1）本文的主要目的是……

① The purpose of this paper is…

② The primary goal of this research is…

③ The intention of this paper is to survey…

④ The overa11 objective of this study is…

⑤ In this paper,… was provided (given，i11ustrated)

⑥ Our goal has been to provide…

⑦ In this paper，we aim at…

⑧ The emphasis of this study lies in…

（2）該項工作是關于……

① The present work is concerned with the processes underlying…

② The above work deals with the mechanism involved in…

③ Our work at present is devoted to the changes occurring in…

④ The work we have done bears on the effects produced by…

⑤ The work we are doing is closely related to the deliberations described in ．

⑥ Compared with the current research，the previous work was in connection with the investigation made by…

⑦ The work presented in this paper focuses on several aspects of the following…

⑧ The authors are now initiating some experimental investigation to establish…

⑨Our studies were performed to determine the amount of…

⑩The problem we have outlined deals largely with the study of…

（3）該項工作的主要目的是…

① The chief aim of the present work is to investigate the features of …

② The main purpose of our recent work was to examine the properties of…

③ The major object of their further work will be research into the nature of…

④ Our work in this direction has been intended to provide some information about…

⑤ The work which is being done now is designed to find some solution to the problem of…

⑥ Work of this kind has been started in order to assess the role of …

⑦ Previous work in this area was initiated in the hope of obtaining data in…

⑧ We did this work hoping to establish…

⑨ The authors undertook the work with a view to show…

⑩ By doing this work we expect(ed) to demonstrate…

⑾ Doing this joint work, we intend(ed) to show…

⑿ The primary objective of our work was to define the reasons for redundant protection systems and give examples of systems used in …

⒀ With research of many years, the author’s endeavour is to explain why in…

⒁The above-mentioned work has been performed with a view of …

（4）該項研究的主要目的是 …

① The chief aim of the present study is to find out…

② The primary object of this fundamental research will be to reveal the cause of …

③ The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain some knowledge of…

④ The study of …was made in order to clarify…?

⑤ The above study has been carried out to determine…

⑥ Their(pioneer)studies were intended to elucidate…

⑦ Those earlier investigations are in hopes of providing evidence for…

⑧ We performed this present study in the hope that we might bring to light some facts about…

⑨ The authors attempted their studies in order that they might…

⑩ We undertook the above study to the end that we might…

⑾ They initiated the present study so that they might…

⑿ Carrying out this study we hope to find out…

⒀ Performing these studies the author intended to reveal…

⒁ With recent research, the author intends to outline the framework of…

（5）該項實驗主要是為了

① We made these experiments in order to show a correlation between…

② The author attempted the set of experiment with a view to demonstrate certain phenomena…

③ Experiments on…were made in order to measure the amount of…

④ Experiments involving…have been carried out to determine…

⑤ Experiments using this technique are (not )under way test(check) …

⑥ Experiments on…are made to answer the question whether…

⑦ The experiment being made by our research group is aimed at obtaining the result of…

⑧ We have designed such an experiment for the purpose of …

“限定范圍”的句式用語

1. 主要用場 限定主題范圍的句式用語，在英文科學論文中常出現在“引言”和“討論”中。限定主 題范圍時的常用表達有：“該問題是關于……的研究”，“該問題在……范圍之內（外）”，“該 問題涉及到……范圍”，“該問題可進一步推廣到……范圍”等等。

2. 常用句式

（1）該問題是關于……的研究

① This problem is concerned (chiefly)with the study of…

② The problem of …deals (largely)with the determination of …

③ The problem they have advanced bears on the elucidation of …

④ The problem to be discussed in this paper is related closely with…

⑤ The problem described previously was directed to the example of…, which differs from…

⑥ The problem under investigation involves some significant agreements and disagreements in…

（2）這是研究……的問題

① The problem concerned with the nature of…

② The problem relating to the influence of…

③ The problem which deals with the role of…

④ The problem which bears on the effect of…

⑤ The problem in connection with…

⑥ The problem as mentioned previously in…?

（3）該問題在……范圍之內（外）

① The problem is within the scope of …

② Our problem lies beyond the range of …

③ The problem you have just outlined seems to be outside of the province of…

④ The problem the authors have raised goes off the limits of…

⑤ The problem I have referred to falls within the field of…

⑥ The problem under discussion is not within the scope of…

（4）該項研究涉及到……范圍

① Studies of these effects cover(ed)various aspects of……

② Investigations on…involve(d) also specific situations.

③ Our studies with this technique are confined to one particular aspect.

④ More recent studies by this worker were chiefly concerned with the influence of…

⑤ The research on the conventional techniques explains well the phenomenon of

⑥ The new findings from the experiment agree to the result obtained in…

（5）該研究進一步推廣到……范圍

① The authors have extended their studies to some other related species.

② We hope to expand our investigations to include other materials.

③ The research we have done deserves further studies.

④ The investigation carried out by the experts suggests an increase of the application in …

⑤ The approach under study predicates a wider range of application.

“說明理論”的句式用語

1. 主要用場 說明有理論根據的句式用語，在英語科學論文中常出現在引言、實驗描述及討論等部分。 說明理論根據時常用表達如下：“該理論是……提出來的”，“該理論的內容（特點）是……”； “根據該理論，可以得出……”，“該理論認為 ……”，“應用該理論能（或不能）說明……” 等等。

2. 常用句式

（1）該理論是……提出來的

① The theory of…was created 50 years ago

② The alternative theory was constructed in 50’s.

③ The theory of…was developed in the 1930’s…

④ The theory of…was elaborated in the early 70’s.

⑤ The theory of…was formulated as early as 1900.

⑥ The theory of…was advanced as long ago as the 1860’s.

⑦ The theory of…was put forward as far back as 1897.

⑧ The theory of…was proposed last year.

⑨ The theory of…was suggested the year before last year.

（2）該理論的內容（特點）是……

① Underlying this theory is the idea that…

② The underlying concept of this theory is…

③ The underlying principle of the theory is as follows…

④ This is an alternative theory that…?

⑤ This is a similar theory to the effect that …

⑥ This is a working theory which is based on the idea that…

⑦ A basic feature of this theory is …

⑧ The fundamental feature of this theory is as follows.

⑨ The theory is characterized by…

⑩ …prove to be the outstanding features of the theory.

（3）根據該理論，可得出……

① According to B’s theory both processes occur simultaneously.

② As follows from the theory by N, such situations lead to…

③ As can be seen from the theory and theory advanced by…such interactions are the basis of…

④ In the light of the theory ,we have developed a variation method to handle such problems.

⑤ Based on the theory, the author has obtained sufficient information from recent experiments with…

（4）該理論認為…

① The kinetic theory holds that…

② This newly-developed theory maintains that…

③ The theory advanced by…claims that…

④ The theory of …predicts that…

⑤ The principal concept of the theory lies in…

⑥ The investigating theory…

（5）應用該理論（不）能說明……

① We can interpret these findings in terms of the above theory.

② We cannot explain these phenomena using the above theory.

③ We can hardly explain these findings applying this theory.

④ These findings can be interpreted in terms of the above theory.

⑤ Such phenomena cannot be explained on the basis of this theory.

⑥ The theory can (not) apply to other cases of…

⑦ The theory developed by…is valid (invalid)for other species.

⑧ X’s theory proved to be true for all steps of…

⑨ The above theory has been verified by many other authors.

⑩ This very peculiar theory can be applied to a wider range of experiments in …

“描述實驗”的句式用語

1. 主要用場 描述實驗過程的句式用語，顧名思義常用在與實驗有關的段落之中。描述實驗情況時的 常用表達為“該項實驗具體包括……”，“到……，從未有過該項實驗研究”，“進行該項實驗， 以便檢驗……”，“該項實驗證實（未能證實），……”等等。

2. 常用句式

（1）某項實驗（所用設備）包括……

① The experiment consisted of three steps, which are described in Table 3.

② The test equipment which was used consisted of five force-measuring transducers and two recording instruments furnished by…

③ Included in the experiment were a high- pressure vessel assembly, 2 UA –3 uranium 5 analyzers, and a complete 100*50*50 cm soil bin.

④ All high-pressure hydrogen creep rupture tests were carried out in specially designed high pressure equipment rated at…

⑤ The winch is composed of the following main parts: a welded frame, a safety-brake clutch, a chain drum and a worn reducing gear.

（2）到……，從未有過某方面的實驗

① An experiment of the kind has not been made.

② The kind of experiment you have in mind has never been carried out until now.

③ The kind of experiment you mentioned would not be undertaken in the near future.

④ So far we have not performed any experiment of this kind.

⑤ Until now the authors have not attempted any field experiments of…

⑥ Researches on the mobility of ions in neutral gases began more than 75 years ago, but very accurate data obtained through actual experiments have not appeared as yet.

⑦ …However, no direct experimental measurements of this have been reported.

（3）進行該項實驗，以檢驗……

① We (have)carried out several sets of experiments to test the validity of…

② They undertook many experiments to support the hypothesis which…

③ We initiated experiments to prove…

④ They have undertaken special experiments to disprove…

⑤ A number of experiments were performed to check…

⑥ Many studies have to be attempted to verify…

⑦ More than one set of experiments must be initiated to substantiate…

（4）某項實驗證實（未能證實）……

① Experiments by M and his associates (have) showed…

② Recent experiments in this area (have) suggested that…

③ The present series of experiments (have) indicate(d) that…

④ The experiments reported here (have) demonstrate (d)

⑤ These experiments involving…confirm(ed) our evidence that…

⑥ Our experiments with…failed to prove…

⑦ These highly-technical experiments support(ed) our assumption that…

⑧ Our initial experiment confirms that the choice of concept is correct.

⑨ The above-mentioned experiment has proved the newly –developed technique is very reliable.

⑩ This conclusion is also supported by the experiment as has been described previously.

“介紹方法”的句式用語

1. 主要用場 介紹研究（實驗）方法的句式用語，在英語科學論文中常見于摘要（資料型摘要）、引 言、實驗描述及建議等部分，介紹研究方法時的常用表達如：“該方法首先由……發明（使 用）”，“該方法與其他方法有 ……差別”，“應用該方法可以進行……工作”，“該方法稱 為……”，“使用該方法已獲得……”等。

2. 常用句式 （1）該方法首先由……發明（利用）

① The method of … was first developed by N. 6

② The method of … was first applied by B.

③ The method of … was first used by A in the early XXth century.

④ The method of … was first brought into used by C.

⑤ The method of … came into use as long ago as 1920.

⑥ The original proposal of this method was first made and published in 1963.

⑦ The method of making a frequency standard was not invented till the existence of…

（2）該方法與其他方法有……差別

① The method of … does not differ at all the routine one

② The method of we use differs greatly from the one used earlier.

③ The method they developed is somewhat different from the conventional one.

④ The new technique is quite different from the old one.

⑤ The newly-elaborated technique has something (nothing, little) in common with the one previously used.

⑥ The method of deriving a program described here differs from previous practice in that…

（3）應用該方法可以進行……工作

① The method allows us to demonstrate…

② This technique enables us to observe…

③ The above procedure makes it possible to defect…

④ This method is capable of providing…

⑤ By the method we are able to investigate the insight of…

⑥ We have adopted the integrated filtering cell approach to miniaturize the prototype.

⑦ The method proves to be useful in…

⑧ The interpretation effects were successfully evaluated by employing AIA.

（4）該方法可稱為（描述為）…

① The method used is known as…

② The technique we applied is referred to as…

③ The procedure the followed can be briefly described as …

④ The approach adopted extensively is called…

5. Since the method was first put in use, we might as well name it as…

（5）用該方法已獲得 ……

① We have obtained this information from recent experiments with…

② Detailed information has been acquisited by the authors using X-ray analysis.

③ The researches have recorded valuable data using the newly-developed method.

④ The experts in the research center are satisfactory with the experimental results achieved by the application of…

“展示結果”的句式用語

1. 主要用場 展示研究結果的句式用語，在英語科學論文中常見于摘要、實驗結果、結果與討論及結 論等部分。展示研究結果時常用的表達有：“該項研究結果說明了……”，“根據該項研究結 果可以得出……”，“該項工作提供了……結果”，“該項實驗取得了……結果”，“……概括了 該項結果”等。

2. 常用句式

（1）該項研究說明（指出、揭示）了……

?① The studies we have performed show(ed) that these particles are responsible for …

② These pioneer studies that the authors attempted have indicated marked variations in…

③ We carried out several studies which have demonstrated that the substance acts on …

④ The research we have done suggests an increase in…

⑤ The investigation carried out by…has revealed no resistance of…

⑥ Our research has supported the assumption that…

⑦ Their studies have confirmed the opinion that…

⑧ This research bore out the idea that…

⑨ Laboratory studies of…did not furnish any information about…

⑩ Our research carried out to the same effect failed to reveal any variations in…

⑾ Recent research into the nature of… fails to support the theory that…

⑿ Most recent studies showed no changes in…

⒀ Further research reveals no evidence of…

⒁ All our preliminary results throw light on the nature of…

（2）根據該項實驗結果可得出……

① More recent experiments in this area lead us to conclude that the phenomenon is related to …

② Most recent experiments to the same effect have led the authors to believe that the mechanism is out of action.

③ Further experiments in this area have enabled these workers to suggest that…

④ As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…

⑤ From our experiments, the authors came to realize that…

⑥ From these experiments one can conclude that…

（3）該項工作提供了（沒有得出）……結果

① This fruitful work gives explanation of…

② Their fundamental work provides some knowledge of …

③ The author’s pioneer work has contributed to our present understanding of…

④ This joint work of many years has led to further progress in…

⑤ Our integrated work of the past few years adds to our current concept of…

⑥ The research work has brought about a discovery of…

⑦ The research by workers (has) result(ed) in a solution of…

⑧ Our work on…(has) failed to give…

⑨ Their initial work with…did not result in…

⑩ This initial work with…did not result in…

⑾ Further work in this field failed to contribute to…

⑿ These findings of the research has led the author to a conclusion that…

（4）該項實驗（研究）取得（沒有取得）……結果

① Some results of…are obtained in the experiment with…

② Sufficient result for…has been observed with the new method…

③ Further progress can be provided by these experiments…

④ No clear advancement has (so far)been see in…

⑤ No direct outcome was then reported in…

⑥ No such finding could be available in…

⑦ No further result can be found with that technique.

?⑧ No experimental evidence has come to the studies of…

（5）某數據（圖、表）總結（概括）了從……得到的……結果

① Figure 3 shows the results obtained form studies of…

② Table 5 presents the data provided by the experiments on…

③ This table summarized the data collect during the experiment of …

④ The results reported above have been shown in Figure1.

⑤ Our experimental data briefly summarized as follows.

⑥ Some of the authors’ findings are listed in tables.

“作出評價”的句式用語

1. 主要用場 研究成果評價的句型用語，在英語科學論文中常見于：摘要，討論及結論等部分。從狹 義上講，研究成果評價是論文作者對自己所做工作的評價，從廣義上講，這種評價不僅限于 對個人工作的評價，同時也包括作者對別人的評價，提出自己的觀點和見解。作出評價時， 肯定和否定是兩種最基本的評價。

2. 常用句式和詞語

① The author’s work on…has been very successful

② Our work involving studies of…did not prove to be encouraging.

③ The new information has been insufficient to indicate that the change is dramatic.

④ On of the assets of this technique is that it is very simple.

⑤ The theory by…seemed quite competent.

⑥ We consider the new idea quite likely a suitable one

⑦ The data available in literature are quite important.

⑧ The newly-developed method has certain advantages over the existing methods.

⑨ The author has satisfactorily come to a conclusion that…

⑩ These highly-technical experiments failed to provide any correlation between…

⑾ The theory of…did not explain how much modifications arose.

⑿ These findings are not consistent with the current theory.

⒀ The above hypothesis seems rather interesting.

⒁ So far there is not enough convincing evidence showing…

⒂ The data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier by…

⒃ There may be a different approach to the above findings

⒄ Our experimental result does not seem to suggest the following assumptions

利用上述句式，表示肯定評價的形容詞，如：good, satisfactory, competent, convincing , adequate, reliable, correct, valid, helpful, fruitful, successful, stimulating, attractive, interesting, promising, exciting, careful;, profound, comprehensive, useful, encouraging, extensive, clear, sufficient, etc.

表示否定評價的形容詞，如：deficient, faulty, inadequate, incomplete, unconvincing, unsatisfactory, meaningless, unreliable, incorrect, wrong, invalid, confusing, inexplicit, contradictory, controversial, divergent, puzzling, conflicting, ambiguous, insufficient, etc.

英語科學論文的寫作句型用詞方面有一定的規律可循。

為了避免不必要的重復，有利于 比較地道，規范的英語表達，有助于寫作中的多樣表述，并遵循科學論文的寫作規律，本文 對常用句式用語進行分類選擇。根據表達科學研究成果的一般邏輯思維順序和科學論文的結 9 構程式，寫作英語科學論文時常用句型用語可作如下分類：①指出研究目的，常用句型用語 54 條；②限定主題范圍，常用句型用語 30 條；③說明理論依據，常用句型用語 36 條；④ 描述實驗過程，常用句型用語 30 條；⑤介紹工作方法，常用句型用語 32 條；⑥展示 研究 結果，常用句型用語 46 條；⑦作出科學評價，常用句型 17 條及 48 個表示肯定或否定的形 容詞。實踐表明，集中掌握這些常用的型用語，對于寫好英語科學論文大有裨益。

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