英文破折號、連接號(與連字符(hyphen)的區別及各自用法是什么?在科技寫作中有何特點?


這個題目可以分解為兩個問題,第一個問題:hyphen、en dash、em dash 三者的一般用法為何?第二個問題:這三者的用法在科技論文中有什么特別需要注意的地方?

下面我把美國人奉為圭臬的 The Chicago Manual of Style 中關于這幾種符號的用法摘譯出來,并作了一些補充:

HYPHEN (-)

1. 用于復合詞,如

upper-case letter
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2. 用于分隔數字或字母,例如電話號碼:
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或名字的拼寫
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1-800-621-2376
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My name is Phyllis; that's p-h-y-l-l-i-s.
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3. 用于排版時連接因斷行而被打斷的單詞,例如
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Trust Law ranks the Congo as one of the most dangerous coun-tries for sexual violence.

EN DASH (–)

1. 相當于 to。主要用于連接數字或單詞,表示「到并包括」(up to and including)。不過應注意,在 from...to... 和 between...and... 的結構中,不要用 en dash 去替代中間的 to 和 and。

例句
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Her college years, 1998–2002, were the happiest in her life.
For documentation and indexing, see chapters 16–18.
In Genesis 6:13–22 we find God's instructions to Noah.
Join us on Thursday, 11:30 a.m.–4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.
The London–Paris train leaves at two o'clock.
I have blocked out December 2002–March 2003 to complete my manuscript.
Her articles appeared in Postwar Journal (3 November 1945–4 February 1946).
Green Bay beat Denver 31–24.
The legislature voted 101–13 to adopt the resolution.
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2. 后面什么也不接。比如用于表示年代,若事件仍在進行中,en dash 后面不要加空格。
例句
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Professor Plato's survey (1999–) will cover the subject in the final volume.
Jane Doe (1950–); or Jane Doe (b. 1950)
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3. 代替 hyphen 的用途。在復合型形容詞中,如果其中一個構成元素是開放型復合詞,或者如果其中兩個或多個構成元素是開放型復合詞或帶 hyphen 的復合詞,那么應使用 en dash。
例句
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the post–World War II years
a hospital–nursing home connection
a nursing home–home care policy
a quasi-public–quasi-judicial body (or, better, a judicial body that is quasi-public and quasi-judicial)
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在上述前三例中,post 和 World War II,hospital 和 nursing home,以及 nursing home 和 home 都是所屬新的復合詞中的元素,這些元素本身已經是開放型復合詞,為了避免混淆和層次清晰,應使用 en dash 來連接。第四例中,quasi-public 和 quasi-judicial 是兩個獨立的均帶 hyphen 的復合詞,它們需要進一步連接起來,所以中間用了 en dash。
用來對照的反例如下
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non-English-speaking peoples
a wheelchair-user-designed environment (or, better, an environment designed for wheelchair users)
U.S.-Canadian relations
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上述前兩例都是單個詞的復合,盡管由三個以上元素構成,一律都用 hyphen。第三例中,復合詞的縮寫(U.S.)視為一個詞,所以也用 hyphen。
4. 其他用法:en dash 有時用作減號,盡管兩者原則上并非同一個符號。另外,它也可以用于連接擁有不同校區的大學。
例句
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the University of Wisconsin–Madison
the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

EM DASH (—)

1. 它的用法最復雜、最靈活。為了避免混淆,一個句子不應包含超過兩個 em dash,如果實在需要,應使用圓括弧。

2. 用于詳述或解釋。基本相當于一組逗號、圓括弧,或冒號的用途。

例句
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It was a revival of the most potent image in modern democracy—the revolutionary idea.
The influence of three impressionists—Monet, Sisley, and Degas—is obvious in her work.
The chancellor—he had been awake half the night—came down in an angry mood.
She outlined the strategy—a strategy that would, she hoped, secure the peace.
My friends—that is, my former friends—ganged up on me.
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3. 用于分隔引導從句的代詞。
例句
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Consensus—that was the will-o’-the wisp he doggedly pursued.
Broken promises, petty rivalries, and false rumors—such were the obstacles he encountered.
Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream—nothing alarmed the child.
Kingston, who first conceived the idea; Barber, who organized the fundraising campaign; and West, who conducted the investigation—those were the women most responsible for the movement's early success.
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4. 表示思考或對話中句子結構的突然中斷,有時也可用省略號代替。
例句
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"Will he—can he—obtain the necessary signatures?" asked Mill.
"Well, I don't know," I began tentatively. "I thought I might—"
"Might what?" she demanded.
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但如果中斷來自于所引用材料的外部,em dash 應當出現在引號的外面。
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例如
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"Someday he's going to hit one of those long shots, and"—his voice turned huffy—"I won't be there to see it."
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5. 替代逗號,或與逗號一起使用。如果在需要使用 em dash 時,需要用逗號來分隔從句和獨立分句時,逗號可以省略。
例句
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Because the data had not been fully analyzed—the reason for this will be discussed later—the publication of the report was delayed.
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但如果 em dash 出現在引用材料的末尾表示中斷,應當在說話人的身份之前用逗號。
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例句
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"I assure you, we shall never—," Sylvia began, but Mark cut her short.
6. 和其他標點連用。一般來說,em dash 可以跟在問號、感嘆號的后面,但不能跟在逗號、冒號、分號的后面,也幾乎不能跟在句號的后面。
例句
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All at once Richardson—can he have been out of his mind?—shook his fist in the ambassador's face.
Only if—heaven forbid!—you lose your passport should you call home.
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7. 用于代替引號。有些法語作家常用 em dash 代替引號表示對話,每段話另起一段。
例句
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—Will he obtain the necessary signatures?
—Of course he will!
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8. 用于索引。
例句
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—body armor: cuirass, 135–36, 147, 152,
244, 258, 260, 311; greaves, 135, 179,
260; helmets, 101, 135, 147, 221, 243,
258

2-EM 和 3-EM DASHES (—— and ———)

雙重和三重的 em dash 相對少見,但也是正規的標點符號,可以介紹一下。

2-em dash 用來表示單詞拼寫不全,或名字的省略,或粗話的省略,或無法識別的字跡等。如果整個單詞都丟失了,2-em dash 的左右兩側都應留出空格,如果只有一部分丟失,那么在 2-em dash 和單詞現存部分之間不應有空格。如果 2-em dash 代表整個單詞的結束,那么之后應留出正常的詞間空格。

例句
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"The region gives its —— to the language spoken there.
Admiral N—— and Lady R—— were among the guests.
David H——h [Hirsch?] voted aye.
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3-em dash 用于參考文獻(bibliography),后面接一個句號(.),表示和上一條是同一個作者。
例句
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———. The Last Dinosaur Book. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998.

關于 en dash 和 em dash的用法,在英、美略有習慣差異,例如有的英國出版機構,如劍橋大學出版社、企鵝、勞特里奇等,喜歡用兩邊帶空格的 en dash 來替代兩邊不帶空格的 em dash,但這在美國很少見,而另一部分英國出版機構,如牛津大學出版社,也支持美國那種兩邊不帶空格的 em dash 風格。

下面解決第二個問題,在科學論文中,這幾種標點的使用有什么特殊之處。

一般性的使用,如連接復合詞、數字、年代等,和上面介紹的普通用法一致,但有兩點或許需要特別注意。

1. 慎用 en dash

為了避免和減號混淆,有的地方最好不要用 en dash。

例句
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with temperature of ?5 to 25°C 【正確】
with temperature of ?5–25°C 【錯誤
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?4 to ?6°C 【正確】
?4– ?6°C 【錯誤】

2. 少用 em dash

有一部分科技論文寫作參考書,例如 Mastering Scientific and Medical Writing: A Self-help Guide,認為在科技論文中三種 em dash 一律不應采用,em dash 經常表示一種強有力的打斷,如果可能,最好用更平滑、更柔和的圓括弧替代。

權威的 Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers 也不推薦在參考文獻中使用 3-em dash 來表示相同作者這一格式。

本文轉載自知乎作者magasa,材料牛編輯整理。

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