英文破折號、連接號(與連字符(hyphen)的區別及各自用法是什么?在科技寫作中有何特點?
這個題目可以分解為兩個問題,第一個問題:hyphen、en dash、em dash 三者的一般用法為何?第二個問題:這三者的用法在科技論文中有什么特別需要注意的地方?
下面我把美國人奉為圭臬的 The Chicago Manual of Style 中關于這幾種符號的用法摘譯出來,并作了一些補充:
HYPHEN (-)
1. 用于復合詞,如
EN DASH (–)
1. 相當于 to。主要用于連接數字或單詞,表示「到并包括」(up to and including)。不過應注意,在 from...to... 和 between...and... 的結構中,不要用 en dash 去替代中間的 to 和 and。
For documentation and indexing, see chapters 16–18.
In Genesis 6:13–22 we find God's instructions to Noah.
Join us on Thursday, 11:30 a.m.–4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.
The London–Paris train leaves at two o'clock.
I have blocked out December 2002–March 2003 to complete my manuscript.
Her articles appeared in Postwar Journal (3 November 1945–4 February 1946).
Green Bay beat Denver 31–24.
The legislature voted 101–13 to adopt the resolution.
Jane Doe (1950–); or Jane Doe (b. 1950)
a hospital–nursing home connection
a nursing home–home care policy
a quasi-public–quasi-judicial body (or, better, a judicial body that is quasi-public and quasi-judicial)
a wheelchair-user-designed environment (or, better, an environment designed for wheelchair users)
U.S.-Canadian relations
the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
EM DASH (—)
1. 它的用法最復雜、最靈活。為了避免混淆,一個句子不應包含超過兩個 em dash,如果實在需要,應使用圓括弧。
2. 用于詳述或解釋。基本相當于一組逗號、圓括弧,或冒號的用途。
The influence of three impressionists—Monet, Sisley, and Degas—is obvious in her work.
The chancellor—he had been awake half the night—came down in an angry mood.
She outlined the strategy—a strategy that would, she hoped, secure the peace.
My friends—that is, my former friends—ganged up on me.
Broken promises, petty rivalries, and false rumors—such were the obstacles he encountered.
Darkness, thunder, a sudden scream—nothing alarmed the child.
Kingston, who first conceived the idea; Barber, who organized the fundraising campaign; and West, who conducted the investigation—those were the women most responsible for the movement's early success.
"Well, I don't know," I began tentatively. "I thought I might—"
"Might what?" she demanded.
Only if—heaven forbid!—you lose your passport should you call home.
—Of course he will!
244, 258, 260, 311; greaves, 135, 179,
260; helmets, 101, 135, 147, 221, 243,
258
2-EM 和 3-EM DASHES (—— and ———)
雙重和三重的 em dash 相對少見,但也是正規的標點符號,可以介紹一下。
2-em dash 用來表示單詞拼寫不全,或名字的省略,或粗話的省略,或無法識別的字跡等。如果整個單詞都丟失了,2-em dash 的左右兩側都應留出空格,如果只有一部分丟失,那么在 2-em dash 和單詞現存部分之間不應有空格。如果 2-em dash 代表整個單詞的結束,那么之后應留出正常的詞間空格。
Admiral N—— and Lady R—— were among the guests.
David H——h [Hirsch?] voted aye.
關于 en dash 和 em dash的用法,在英、美略有習慣差異,例如有的英國出版機構,如劍橋大學出版社、企鵝、勞特里奇等,喜歡用兩邊帶空格的 en dash 來替代兩邊不帶空格的 em dash,但這在美國很少見,而另一部分英國出版機構,如牛津大學出版社,也支持美國那種兩邊不帶空格的 em dash 風格。
下面解決第二個問題,在科學論文中,這幾種標點的使用有什么特殊之處。
一般性的使用,如連接復合詞、數字、年代等,和上面介紹的普通用法一致,但有兩點或許需要特別注意。
1. 慎用 en dash
為了避免和減號混淆,有的地方最好不要用 en dash。
with temperature of ?5–25°C 【錯誤
?4– ?6°C 【錯誤】
2. 少用 em dash
有一部分科技論文寫作參考書,例如 Mastering Scientific and Medical Writing: A Self-help Guide,認為在科技論文中三種 em dash 一律不應采用,em dash 經常表示一種強有力的打斷,如果可能,最好用更平滑、更柔和的圓括弧替代。
權威的 Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers 也不推薦在參考文獻中使用 3-em dash 來表示相同作者這一格式。
本文轉載自知乎作者magasa,材料牛編輯整理。
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