材料人報告 | 從AM封面說起——當今材料領域的研究熱點
《Advanced Materials》 (Adv. Mater.)是工程與計算大學科、材料與化學的頂尖期刊,在國際材料領域科研界上享譽盛名。該期刊接收率只有10%-15%,影響因子達19.79(2017年)。2017年,《Advanced Materials》共刊登了1357篇文章,涵蓋材料化學、材料物理、生物材料、納米材料、光電材料、金屬材料、無機非金屬材料,電子材料等眾多材料相關研究領域。筆者對其2017年第29卷共48期封面文章進行分析,旨在了解和發現近期材料發展動態和研究熱點。
1、總論
2017年,AM第29卷封面文章包含44篇研究型文章(Article)和3篇高校/研究所特刊,1篇電池特刊。根據封面文章內容將其分為8個大類:能源材料、生物/仿生材料、材料制備、功能材料、納米材料、過渡金屬/無機材料和水凝膠。各類屬封面文章數量如圖1 所示,可以看出能源材料及功能材料相關內容是年度重頭戲,二者相加幾乎占全年封面文章數量的一半。下面,筆者將分別對一些重要類別的文章進行詳細分析。
圖1 2017年AM不同類屬封面文章占比
2.能源材料
廣義的說,凡是能源工業及能源技術所需的材料都可稱為能源材料(Energy materials)。但在新材料領域,能源材料往往指那些正在發展的、可能支持建立新能源系統滿足各種新能源及節能技術的特殊要求的材料。目前研究熱點主要在提高新能源材料的儲能能量、能量轉換、器件的功能化等方面。
圖2 2017年AM封面能源類文章分析
而Issue 48 的電池特刊,展示了一系列新穎的下一代電池(于2016年舉辦的國際下一代電池專題討論會上發布)。 研究方向主要包括鋰離子電池、鈉離子電池、鋰硫電池、鋰空氣電池、鈉空氣電池、鋁離子電池、燃料電池和超級電容器。預計這些儲能系統將為我們未來的社會帶來更先進的電動車、固定式電池以及電動飛機。
3.生物/仿生材料
生物材料(biomaterials)是用于與生命系統接觸和發生相互作用的,并能對其細胞、組織和器官進行診斷治療、替換修復或誘導再生的一類天然或人工合成的特殊功能材料,又稱生物醫用材料。仿生材料(biomimetic materials)是把仿照生命系統的運行模式和生物材料的結構規律而設計制造的人工材料。仿生設計不僅要模擬生物對象的結構, 更要模擬其功能。
AM雜志封面上刊登的該類文章是功能、電子、生物材料等領域的交叉研究結果,如:Issue 30的文章——仿生材料:基于光致液晶彈性體的自調節虹膜;Issue 24文章——生物電子學:機電納米發生器——細胞相互作用調節細胞活性。而在Issue 45 期的自然表面和材料研究特刊中,介紹了北京航空航天大學在天然生物表面啟發下的超潤濕系統方面取得的有效進展。
4、功能材料
功能材料(function material)是指通過光、電、磁、熱、化學、生化等作用后具有特定功能的材料。功能材料涉及面廣,具體包括光、電功能,磁功能,分離功能,形狀記憶功能等等。這類材料相對于通常的結構材料而言,一般除了具有機械特性外,還具有其他的功能特性。我們可以看出,AM對于功能材料的微觀結構(如晶體、液晶等)的研究結果頗為青睞。
圖3 2017年AM封面功能材料類文章分析
5.納米材料
納米材料(Nanomaterial)是指在三維空間中至少有一維處于納米尺寸(0.1-100 nm)或由它們作為基本單元構成的材料,這大約相當于10~100個原子緊密排列在一起的尺度。納米材料是其它材料領域的研究基礎,研究人員多在納米材料的結構上下功夫。如Issue 28封面文章——納米膜:跨相界面的鐵離子和單寧的雙相超分子自組裝形成納米膜;Issue 35封面文章——納米多孔材料:通過錐形接觸的一步整合實現可控有機電阻切換。
6.其他及小結
2017年,AM封面文章還包含水凝膠、智能材料、自組裝材料等相關內容,這些研究對于環境、人工智能等方面均有突出貢獻。這些文章均為交叉學科下的研究結果。根據AM 2017年48篇封面文章的分析,大家對目前的熱點有了一個大概的了解。毋庸置疑,能源、材料是當仁不讓的科研圈超級新星,材料學與各個學科的融合與交叉促進了新材料的產生和現有材料的新應用,以材料與其它科學的交叉融合造就了如今材料的“黃金時代”,這也體現出科學向綜合性發展的趨勢。
另外,在44篇研究型文章中,韓國、中國、美國研究人員領跑。其中,中國作者成果占總數的1/4。
圖4 2017年AM封面文章作者所在國家分布
同時 ,筆者統計了這些中國研究人員的所屬機構,中國國家科學院的研究人員為我國主力,天津大學、南京大學等也均為突出。
圖5 2017年發表AM封面文章的中國研究人員所屬機構分布
2017年AM封面文章鏈接:
能源方面
Issue 1:
?(Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770001)
Issue 4:
Polymer Solar Cells: Panchromatic Sequentially Cast Ternary Polymer Solar Cells ?
(Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770022)
Issue 5:
Flexible Electronics: Flash-Induced Self-Limited Plasmonic Welding of Silver Nanowire Network for Transparent Flexible Energy Harvester (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770029)
Issue 10:
Memory Devices: Direct Observations of Nanofilament Evolution in Switching Processes in HfO2-Based Resistive Random Access Memory by In Situ TEM Studies (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770065)
Issue 11:
Lithium-Ion Batteries: Postpatterned Electrodes for Flexible Node-Type Lithium-Ion Batteries ?(Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770072)
Issue 12:
Solar Cells: All-Vacuum-Deposited Stoichiometrically Balanced Inorganic Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with Stabilized Efficiency Exceeding 11% (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770078)
Issue 21:
Lithium-Ion Batteries: Dual-Functionalized Double Carbon Shells Coated Silicon Nanoparticles for High Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770142)
Issue 27
Photocatalysts: Enhanced Solar-to-Hydrogen Generation with Broadband Epsilon-Near-Zero Nanostructured Photocatalysts (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770192)
Issue 40
Photoconductivity: Giant Incident Photon-to-Current Conversion with Photoconductivity Gain on Nanostructured Bismuth Oxysulfide Photoelectrodes under Visible-Light Illumination (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770287)
Issue 46
Nanofluidic Channels: Engineering 2D Nanofluidic Li-Ion Transport Channels for Superior Electrochemical Energy Storage (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770327)
Issue 48
Next-Generation Batteries (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770340)
生物/仿生材料
Issue 15:
Electronic Skin: Electronic Skin with Multifunction Sensors Based on Thermosensation (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770099)
Issue 24
Bioelectronics: Electromechanical Nanogenerator–Cell Interaction Modulates Cell Activity (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770166)
Issue 30
Biomimetic Materials: Self-Regulating Iris Based on Light-Actuated Liquid Crystal Elastomer (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770215)
Issue 34
Water Splitting: A Highly Versatile and Adaptable Artificial Leaf with Floatability and Planar Compact Design Applicable in Various Natural Environments (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770242)
Issue 36
Bioinspired Catalysts: Exceptional High-Performance of Pt-Based Bimetallic Catalysts for Exclusive Detection of Exhaled Biomarkers (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770257)
Issue 45
Nature-Inspired Surface and Materials Research (Adv.Mater.,2017,DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770323)
Silk Inverse Opals: Modulation of Multiscale 3D Lattices through Conformational Control: Painting Silk Inverse Opals with Water and Light (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770273)
納米材料
Issue 9:
Functional Nanoparticles: Degradability and Clearance of Silicon, Organosilica, Silsesquioxane, Silica Mixed Oxide, and Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770058)
Issue 26
Nanoparticles: Low-Cost Manufacturing of Bioresorbable Conductors by Evaporation–Condensation-Mediated Laser Printing and Sintering of Zn Nanoparticles (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770183)
Issue 28
Nanofilms: Biphasic Supramolecular Self-Assembly of Ferric Ions and Tannic Acid across Interfaces for Nanofilm Formation (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770201)
Issue 32
Multilayer Graphene: Chemical Vapor Deposition of Bernal-Stacked Graphene on a Cu Surface by Breaking the Carbon Solubility Symmetry in Cu Foils (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770229)
Issue 35
Nanoporous Materials: Controllable Organic Resistive Switching Achieved by One-Step Integration of Cone-Shaped Contact (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770249)
Issue 39
Nanocarriers: Capturing “Extraordinary” Soft-Assembled Charge-Like Polypeptides as a Strategy for Nanocarrier Design (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770280)
Issue 22:
Nanospheres: Selective Coloration of Melanin Nanospheres through Resonant Mie Scattering (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770150)
功能材料
Issue 2: ?
Cellulose Nanocrystals: Mind the Microgap in Iridescent Cellulose Nanocrystal Films (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770008)
Issue 16:
Transistors: Ultrahigh Mobility in Solution-Processed Solid-State Electrolyte-Gated Transistors (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770106)
Issue 23
Carbon Nanotubes: On-Chip Chemical Self-Assembly of Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs): Toward Robust and Scale Invariant SWNTs Transistors (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770158)
Issue 29
Photonic Crystals: Printable and Rewritable Full Block Copolymer Structural Color (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770209)
Issue 37
Liquid Crystals: Polymer-Stabilized Micropixelated Liquid Crystals with Tunable Optical Properties Fabricated by Double Templating (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770265)
Issue 42
Photonic Crystals: Light-Patterned Crystallographic Direction of a Self-Organized 3D Soft Photonic (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770301)
Issue 43
Liquid Crystals: A Fluid Liquid-Crystal Material with Highly Polar Order (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770309)
Issue 47
Field-Effect Transistors: Wafer-Scale Synthesis of Reliable High-Mobility Molybdenum Disulfide Thin Films via Inhibitor-Utilizing Atomic Layer Deposition (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770334)
Issue 18:
Photoluminescence: Integrated Freestanding Two-dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770119)
Issue 19:
Luminescence: Full-Color Tunable Circularly Polarized Luminescent Nanoassemblies of Achiral AIEgens in Confined Chiral Nanotubes (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770126)
Issue 17:
Metal–Organic Frameworks: A New Class of Lasing Materials: Intrinsic Stimulated Emission from Nonlinear Optically Active Metal–Organic Frameworks (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770112)
關于材料制備
Issue 6:
Photothermal Therapy: Light-Triggered Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles for Photothermal Therapy and Photoacoustic Imaging of Tumors In Vivo (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770022)
Issue 7:
Spontaneous Assembly: Swarm Intelligence-Inspired Spontaneous Fabrication of Optimal Interconnect at the Micro/Nanoscale (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770043)
Issue 8:
Graphene: Graphite-to-Graphene: Total Conversion (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770050)
智能材料
Issue 13:
Smart Materials: Blooming Knit Flowers: Loop-Linked Soft Morphing Structures for Soft Robotics ?(Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770085)
過渡金屬/無機材料
Issue 33
Monolayers: Thermodynamically Stable Synthesis of Large-Scale and Highly Crystalline Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers and their Unipolar n–n Heterojunction Devices (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770236)
Issue 3:
2D Materials: Large-Area and High-Quality 2D Transition Metal Telluride (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770015)
Issue 41
Calcium Oxide: Multishelled CaO Microspheres Stabilized by Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 for Enhanced CO2 Capture Performance (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770294)
其他
Issue 31
Particle Clustering: High-Density Microfluidic Particle-Cluster-Array Device for Parallel and Dynamic Study of Interaction between Engineered Particles? (Adv. Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770222)
Issue 44
Hydrogels: Therapeutic-Gas-Responsive Hydrogel (Adv.Mater.,2017,DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770316)
高校/研究所特刊
Issue 14:
Materials Chemistry at Zhejiang University (Adv.Mater.,2017,DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770093)
Issue 20:
Wuhan University of Technology (Adv.Mater., 2017, DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770133)
Issue 25
Where New Materials Science Arises(Adv.Mater.,2017,DOI: 10.1002/adma.201770174)
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